The revival of Jazz in South Africa Essay Example For Students

The revival of Jazz in South Africa Essay Jazz is once again back on its feet in South Africa. After many years of cultural oppression due to Apartheid, jazz is slowly but surely finding its way back to popularity in South Africa. However, the road to reconstruction is apparently not a smooth one, as many jazz musicians and the entire jazz community are still running into problems in South Africa. Despite this, the progress that has already been made is incredible and the future of jazz in this region has reached a new level of optimism. In the 1920s there was an organist from the Eastern Cape called Boet Gashe who made his money, much like the early jazz musicians in America, by playing at wild parties in Johannesburgs black ghettoes where the mothers charged three-pence at the door and sold moonshine to keep their families alive.(BEBEY-23)Todd Matshikiza, legendary composer and music critic f described these events: The hostess hunched next to a four-gallon tin of beer in the corner. She sold jam tins at sixpence a gulp. Gashe was bent over his organ in one OCONNOR-2corner, thumping the rhythm from the pedal with his feet, which were also feeding the organ with air, choking the organ with persistent chords in the right hand and improvising an effective melody with the left. He would call for the aid of a matchstick to hold down a harmonic note. You get a delirious effect of perpetual motion perpetual motion in a musty hole where men made friends without restraint. (BEBEY-64)This was marabi music, a foundation elem ent of South African jazz and an indigenous product of the urban ghettoes that were a feature of South African cities for much of this century.(KEBEDE-40) Its distinctive rhythms, designed to bring some consolation and dignity to otherwise drab and oppressive working class districts, can still be heard in the music of jazz men and women who have today become giants in their field: Hugh Masekela, Abhudulla Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba and many others.(KEBEDE-47) Many of these famous jazz artists have recentlyreturned from decades of exile. The repressive regulations that drove them away in the apartheid era have been abolished and broadcasting and recording opportunities areopen to all.(GOFFIN-187) But for South African jazz musicians, all this has been a mixed blessing: the musical OCONNOR-3free market is a harsh place for an industry still recovering from the damage inflicted by apartheid.(GOFFIN-188) The story of South African jazz is the story of the nation. The road to reconstruction is a rocky one. We will write a custom essay on The revival of Jazz in South Africa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now South Africa is one of the few countries outside the USA where jazz has been a genuinely popular music. Its roots are in the marabi styles that adapted rural rhythms to urban conditions in the first half of the twentieth century.(NEKETIA-94)According to veteran bandleader Ntemi Piliso: Marabi was sung by a solo voice over an instrumental accompaniment maybe an organ, an accordion, later on a guitar. Then some fellow might fill a condensed milk tin with stones for a rattle, maybe improvise a drum kit and the music would go on all night. Marabi uses a three-chord, two- or four-bar sequence. I suppose you could say the progression was limited, even monotonous. But its the monotony that holds the listeners. You vary the theme and improvise around it, rather than changing the chord sequence.(GOFFIN-112) Legendary bandleader Zuluboy Cele introduced modern instrumentation to the style.(GERARD-59) Later players, like popular bandleader Zakes Nkosi, blended in idioms from American jazz, espec ially the swing music of the big-band OCONNOR-4era. Later still, the improvisational adventures of bebop were also drawn in.(GERARD-61) But the chord progressions and improvisational style of marabi, together with excursions into the hexatonic mode of African choral singing continued to flavor the fusion and can still be heard in South African jazz today.(KEBEDE-133) From its birth, it was dangerous music. It was performed at unregulated gatherings and drinking spots, rather than in the government-licensed and rigidly-controlled beer halls. Its practitioners were often classified as vagrants, under constant threat of expulsion from the cities.(NEKETIA-82) But in the 1960s and 1970s the recording companies and state broadcasting corporation brought pressure on artists to record short pop tracks, with musical styles and lyrics conforming to SABC standards of tribal purity. The musicians dubbed it mbaqanga, a derogatory term meaning something like instant porridge now used broadly for popular dance and jazz music.(BEBEY-97) Yet jazz solos managed to sneak their way in. The lyrics from this time have been described as the best poetry coming out of South Africa Transom they plunged OCONNOR-5into any aspect of our life; they spoke of bus boycotts, of abandoned love affairs; they spoke of the hideous pass system, of our exile in sanctuaries outside South AfricaThey were even bold enough to speak of revolution and be banned.(KEBEDE-117) Performers were often paid only a few pounds which gave the recording company full rights to their music in perpetuity. And, says jazz trumpeter Dennis Mpale, Many venues were closed to us (if we were) a racially mixed band, and there was often a scramble to get a show finished before midnight, because without a night pass black musicians could be arrested for being in the city after that time.(GOFFIN-147) Township events and venues dwindled. Many jazz artists responded to these pressures by leaving the country. Hugh Masekela, Jonas G wangwa and Miriam Makeba were able to leave when the jazz musical King Kong took them overseas. These artists went on to make a name for themselves and for South Africa jazz overseas: Masekela in New York and Makeba in West Africa.(GOFFIN-189) By the late 1970s and early 1980s, a new generation of performers was emerging, mellowing the established South African jazz style and pervasive African traditional OCONNOR-6influences with the kind of jazz-rock fusion being played overseas by bands like Weather Report and Earth, Wind and Fire.(GERARD-73) The one remembered most nostalgically is Sakhile, whose members have now gone their separate ways, but whose compositions such as Isililo/Soweto Blues have an almost anthemic quality for the generation of 1976.(GERARD-74) An important strand was added to the music mix in the Western Cape: the modulations of the South Asian music inherited by the Islamic Malay community.(BEBEY-151) As a seaport, Cape Town was also open to broader musical influ ences, including Latin sounds and the rhythms of the rest of Africa. Bands like Oswietie and Pacific Express featuring hornmen such as Ngozi; the Ngcukana brothers, Basil Mannenberg Coetzee and Robbie Jansen drew from these eclectic roots to create a style instantly recognizable as Capejazz.(BEBEY-153) There have been success stories in the 90s.Recognition at home as well as abroad is at last coming to Masekela, Gwangwa, Ibrahim and their generation. Younger bands such as Bayete, which started its life on the jazz scene in the 1980s, are gaining growing status on the World Music circuits.(GOFFIN-166) Jazz is forming a recognized part of OCONNOR-7music education curriculem, although township schools are only slowly getting the resources they need to efficiently teach jazz. Performance spaces remain concentrated in the city centers. However, due the violence of the late 1980s and early 1990s many city-dwelling patrons still find fear of crime a disincentive to club-going. While jazz-l overs in the townships lack the safe transportation and the money needed for regular, evening trips to town.(GERARD-121) All this makes for hard times for jazz club-owners and musicians. And it means there is no neighborhood scene where young jazz players can pay their dues and develop their style before moving on to bigger venues. .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .postImageUrl , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:hover , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:visited , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:active { border:0!important; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:active , .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7eda09e9810e1cf93ee842b202b0f3aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brians Search For The Meaning Of Life In W.o. Mitc EssayThe free market has also allowed a tidal wave of imported music to engulf local sounds on radio waves and record store shelves. Not that this stops the players. The new generation, like their predecessors, are creating potent mixes of South African heritage and world jazz trends.(GERARD-127) Reedman Zim Ngqawana draws on folk roots, from the migrant mineworkers harmonica to Asian flute sounds. Pianist Moses Molelekwa plays wistful marabi piano, but also works with DJs for excursions into drum n bass.(GERARD-129) Producers/players Sean Fourie and Vee OCONNOR-8Ferlito are busy drawing on the talents of some veteran jazz men to create highly danceable acid jazz mixes for the club scene.(GERARD-130) Yet South African commercial companies seem more drawn to the rediscovery of the old. Bands resurrecting marabi styles, like the African Jazz Pioneers and the Elite Swingsters, are enthusiastically promoted; talented young players of the penny-whistle, are discovered and recorded.(GERARD-138) Nltemi Piliso, leader of the African Jazz Pioneers, says,Its wonderful that white audiences here are discovering our music. Its gratifying to get recognition for it at last. But for most black people, its just nostalgia. And jazz cant survive by riding on nostalgia; the music has to keep on growing.(GERARD-139) BibliographyBebey , Francis. African Music : A Peoples Art. Simon ; Schuster Publishing. New York , 1991. Gerard , Charley. Jazz In Black and White. Praeger Publishers, Wesport, C.T 1998Goffin , Robert. Jazz : From the Congo to the Metropolitan. DA Capo Press, New York.,1975. Kebede , Ashenafi. Roots of Black Music. Little, Brown ; Company, New York, 1988. Neketia , J.H. Kwabena. The Music of Africa. W.W. Norton Company, New York. 1974.

Marketing Plan (Research) in the Health Sector

Marketing Plan (Research) in the Health Sector Building a corporate establishment is a herculean task as it is intertwined with many pros and cons. The impact of ever-changing competitive world can be considered as huge and role playing on one most essential component, marketing. In the health sector, the area that addresses the medical community and patient service, a more robust framework in terms of planning becomes mandatory for marketing.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan (Research) in the Health Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to the fact that health sector has enormous tie-ups with medical and science professionals, Information technologists, hospital equipment manufactures and suppliers, diagnostics and pharmacy. In order for a health care firm reach its targeted clients, the requirements of above mentioned specialist branches need to be understood. A marketing plan refers to solid document that is devised to ensure t he accomplishment of particular business objectives through the course of time. Well planned marketing strategy facilitates one to expect, predict, get ready, construct a pathway to follow, build the needful supporting network, secure and gradually enhance the opportunities to succeed (Gandolf and Hirsch 2011). Marketing plan may begin with the research in the area of marketing. Marketing research is the process of collecting, investigating and interpreting the news about the market focusing on a product or service based work to be kept for market selling by considering the time events like past, present and important customers for the product or service based work. In addition, marketing research also involves, investigating the key features, spending history, location, and requirements of ones own businesss target market, the industry finally, and the specific competitors they confront (Enterpreneur 2012). Marketing research in the health sector is focused on healthcare providers beginning from globally renowned academic medical centers, health systems and tertiary care hospitals at he level of local, community and tertiary care, clinics of specialist expertise and practice chambers of physicians that help several market of the country like urban, suburban and rural. Therefore, it may appear that marketing plan is a very key element for the hospital administration. In detail, hospitals are the complex building categories with multifunctional units such as diagnosing and treating, clinical laboratories, scanning, emergency wards, operating theatres, and also cafeterias, eateries, house keeping and multi-bed system.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several activities that determine the fundamental structure of the hospital. These include administrative activities, supply of food items, in patient and out patient systems, bedding , research, teaching, diagnosis and treatment. Marketing plans for a hospital administration are important to establish the services destined for the patients. There are certain issues to be overcome for the betterment of the services. The hospital is failing to offer reliable services although it has good potential. It is not up to the mark in reaching the targeted outcome as expected. For this purpose, a proposal is critical with an emphasis on needful marketing strategies and addressing the relevant issues. Therefore, the main objective is to provide a standardized framework in terms of marketing plan for the hospital administration. Firstly, a survey is needed about the category of obstetric gynecology division-a service oriented one and equipment/ infrastructure as the hospital is currently falling short of relevant basic amenities. To accomplish this, data will be obtained from other hospitals to find out how many suerspeciality doctors and the kind of infrastructure the hosp ital is lodging. Questionnaire will be conducted in other hospitals to find out the awareness of patients about that services being offered there. Next, the information on that service facility being provided in newspaper advertisements, health magazines, pharmacy outlets and other agencies will also be sought. This plan will provide the proposed hospital administration clear picture on how the superspeciality division and infrastructure will be made more reachable to the public. In addition, the patient will also be asked to provide a feedback on cost effective services. Basically, for offering scanning service to pregnant women, equipments like ultrasound scanning machines are essential. Siemens company provides that machine under the trademark, ‘VERSA PRO SLC’. Its color is white and shape is square type. Its other characteristics are that, 1997 make and has a software version ‘VERSION 3.6.00’.It has 3 connectors 2 probes of types convex and endocavitary . It costs nearly $29,000. Its packaging and labeling is done by Neoscan Medical in Lyon, France (Neoscan Medical Systems 2012). The price plan fixed for the service offered with this product is $ 50 per patient. The annual amount expected with this equipment oriented service is $180000. This is estimated at the rate of $ 3750 per month that could be expected from the average patient visits of nearly 75 per week. This product is most used for scanning the pregnant women, especially; to detect abnormal growth patterns of the developing baby inside the womb and for associated obstetric defects.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan (Research) in the Health Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the inbuilt technology characteristics like monitor, and printing options, it is easy to view the picture of developing baby and it movements, print and save the image. Its weakness is that it is not provide d with an upgrade system. Similarly, digital x ray equipment is another product that is needed for the hospital.UMG/DEL MEDICAL is the leading company to be considered for the product. Its brand name is DEL MEDICAL OTC10. Its color is white and shape of the individual parts is vertical, square and cylindrical types. Its other characteristics are that, it very much comfortable for patients, easily positioned and used simply, supported with the mounted ceiling tube which is available in automatic (OTC10-A) and manual (OTC10-M) cassette size-sensing models. Especially, OTC10 has a configuration specialty with 300,000, 400,000 or 600,000 HU x-ray tubes. It has vertical and longitudinal telescope travel range and vertical and horizontal tube rotation range. Its packaging and labeling is one by the UMG/DEL MEDICAL, New York/Chicago, US (â€Å"UMG/DEL MEDICAL† 2012). Its cost is approximately $ 45,000. Its weakness is regarding its weight which is approximately 833 lbs, appears huge to be shipped, may require additional costs. The price plan fixed for the service offered with this product is $ 60 per patient. The annual amount expected with this equipment oriented service is $180000. This is estimated at the rate of $ 4500 per month that could be expected from the average patient visits of nearly 75 per week.Market Identification: The customers falling under the category of the above mentioned services are mostly pregnant women and those with orthopedic complaints.It was reported that nearly 6 million pregnancies occur annually throughout the United States where live births are 4,058,000 and pregnancy losses are1,995,840 (â€Å"American Pregnancy Association† 2012). They may be found especially at primary heath care centers (PHC’s), small to moderate nursing clinics. Similarly, patients wit orthopedic complaints can also be found at PHC’s and small hospitals. Out of every 4 Americans, more than one has a musculoskeletal condition (â€Å"T he Burden† 2008).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These patients mostly live in moderate economic conditions but few with poor socioeconomic status. Mostly, their education is of high school standard, basic degree, and they are partly employed. The patient clients can be identified at all regions locally and regionally, at rural areas, cities, suburbs, PHC’s and district hospitals. In order to identify patient clients, several factors are to be considered. Their location from the hospital may play important role as commuting determines the feasibility of the patient to obtain the service. Patients need to be identified at remote places through surveys. Next, awareness of the particular hospital service-patient with poor knowledge may be left helpless and could not avail the hospital service on time. They need to be educated regarding the health complaint related service and equipment facility provided by the hospital. Cost efficiency is another factor that plays role in patient selection. For this, service cost informing pam phlets should be distributed. The size of the total market is 3600 customers. According to a study, global market in diagnostic imaging is anticipated to increase in 2010 $20.7 billion to $26.6 billion by 2016. This is at 4.2% from 2011 to 2016 of compound annual growth rate (CAGR).This could be due to population increase and rising needs of diagnostic imaging associated with uninterrupted changes. The growing trend is drawing the attention of the players is the blend of various modalities of diagnostic imaging products and nuclear imaging. This combination of imaging modalities such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, and MRI/PET facilitates the presence of complete range of scanning machines at the same unit(â€Å"Diagnostic Imaging Market†2011). In addition, physicians are preferably demanding the portable diagnostic equipment. To say, in 2010, X-ray have the greatest share percentage of 34%, with ultrasound -21%, CT scan 19.5%, MRI-18.5%, and nuclear medicine -7%. Unites states has the major share and dominated in 2010 with 36.3%, and Europe with 27.3%, Asia with 27% and rest of world (ROW) (9.4%).(â€Å"Diagnostic Imaging Market† 2011). The factors affecting purchase are Seasons – this may bring forward the right customer at the right time. For diagnostic imaging, season plays role as most of the time the pregnant women and individuals with musckoskeletal complaints throng the hospitals for check up. Next, for diagnostic imaging service there is a great demand for scanning and x-ray equipments. Hence, obsolescence rarely plays role in purchasing. Every fiscal year, taxes may vary and may be imposed at good percentage for a range of diagnostic imaging equipments. Hence, tax factor interferes while purchases and needs additional financial input from the purchasers. Prices do vary every year and the availability, service –all such related information may be considered through quotations provided by the product selling company. Therefore, quotat ion is very important during the purchase and is very determining. Emotional consideration often interferes during purchase. Here, a bias towards a particular brand or decision by a particular staff on the relevant service could retard the progress of purchasing. As such, promotional activities will definitely be concentrated in the diagnostic imaging market to render the service more effective. Next, in the diagnostic imaging market, the present competitors for the Ultrasound scanning machine under the division of gynecology obstetric urology are of MYLAB 25 of company ESAOTE, LOGIQ 400 MD-General Electric (GE), IU22-Philips etc.Similarly, the present competitors for the x –ray equipment under the division of radiography are of Discovery XR650- GE (â€Å"GE Healthcare†2012), FDR D-EVO Suite- Fujifilm (â€Å"Fujifilm† 2012), DigitalDiagnost –Philips (PHILIPS sense and simplicity 2012). Currently required ultrasound scanning machine of Siemens is easily ac commodating in small labs and seems cost effective, but its weakness is it has only three connectors others have four, Philips. No touch screen facility as others have like PHILIPS. Other machines seem expensive. The x-ray equipment to be provided currently for the hospital is easily accommodating but its weakness is it is heavy in weight, has no DICOM Storage while others have that facility. It seems cost effective while others appear expensive. The approximate cost of Siemens Ultrasound scanning machine is $ 29,000 where as others range from $ 30,000- 1, 44,000. Similarly, the approximate cost of GEL/MEICAL is $ 45,000 whereas other range from $ 47,000 -135,000. These costs are accurate in terms of all variable and other fixtures and the expenditure incurred here could guarantee good share and profit. In the present context, the proposed equipments are lower which minimizes the burdens in the financial procurement. The cost reduced here could be utilized for marketing strategies l ike advertisements in health magazines, news papers and other media. This makes people develop awareness and avail the service rapidly. Hence, the most effective methods for making the service reachable to the target customer in the market is product /service leaflets. The leaflets prepared should be stuck in the hospital departments other than that of Obstetric/ Gyneac and Orthopedics. The other means of distribution is through oral communication led promotion. Staff members working in the hospitals should rapidly spread the information to the colleagues that the hospital has the good equipment facility. Ambulance vehicles used for the hospital services may carry the relevant information through the giant custom labels/ stickers fixed on the vehicle doors, front and back portions etc. The medical equipments to be purchased by the hospital administration will be directly shipped to the hospital store rooms and then to the concerned departments. Hence, there is no need for warehousin g of products or alternative distribution channel sources. Next , there is need of developing potential advertising program. This will be accomplished through approaching the commercial ad agencies. The ad agencies will be contacted through the internet based identification and given the contract of advertising program. Similarly, as a part of in-house advertising program, various hospital departments will be chosen and well designed, attractive, easy to read, service informative brochures will be stuck to the departments notice boards. Media preferences will be chosen based on the fastest information dissemination potential and target audience. They may involve selection of certain health programs in TV channels mostly viewed by the audience. Advertising of the particular service will be made within the permitted time during the program telecasting. Here, the equipments will be shown and briefly described by the relevant expertise. In News papers, health information columns or medi cal bulletins will be selected and the advertisement will be given. In the internet, commercial websites like yahoo, Amazon will be chosen for advertisement under health/medical columns. This mode of selection of media may facilitate rapid access to the service by the target customers. The expenditure incurred for this advertisement project will be $ 2500 for TV channels,$ 1500 for News papers, $1350 for commercial websites, and $1275 for miscellaneous advertising like health magazines and pamphlets, giant custom stickers etc. With this strategy, public relations are anticipated to increase. People could easily become knowledgeable about the proposed business opening which is nothing but the medical equipment facility being provided at the hospital. The equipment facility will influence the public impression about the hospital which may enable the rendering of more effective services. In addition, public orientation towards the hospital service will develop a kind of priority feelin g in the mode of choosing or selecting among other competitive hospitals that offer similar service. Hence, promotion mix strategy facilitates a kind of service outreach to the customers located far and near. Further, with regard to the sales forecasting, the census data has revealed that the ultrasound scan machine and x ray equipment have a good sales .Several prestigious hospitals/ medical centers have increasingly relying on the purchase of equipments. For example, in the third quarter, there was a growing demand for the imaging systems of the competitor Philips that resulted in a 7% rise in orders for the healthcare equipment. The majority of the gain has been contributed by North America with 11 % order increase when compared to rest of world contribution of 2% growth. Philips is anticipated to keep its momentum in the sales growth by 2% to 4% in the market of U.S. imaging systems .The sales growth in Philips was supposed to be due to the overseas customers located outside of Europe and U.S (Freiherr Greg 2010). Another sales forecast from the desk of Global Industry Analysts describes that for the medical imaging equipment services, by the year 2015, the international market is anticipated to achieve US$11.6 billion. This motivation for the rise in market growth is due to an adjustment to the season of economic recession. Here, older equipment servicing connected to financial effects that interrupted the procurement or purchase of new ones is identified as an important contributing factor. With this there is increasing attention in US and Europe on equipment refurbishment, repairing or revising the already existing machines to meet the imaging process demand in the market (â€Å"Global Medical Imaging† 2011).The current project sales and income for the next quarters is approximately $180,000.This estimate is based on the income to be generated from the patients on monthly basis. Patients utilize the scanning and x-ray service on regular basis. As such, the current project focused on purchasing the equipment and offering the service is a form of service selling analogous to product selling in the market. Every quarter, the project will ensure a good percentage in the overall hospital shares contributed from other departments and already existing services. For example, service amount obtained for four quarters is $ 250000. The project service will ensure 72 % for the next quarter which is a huge profit for the hospital. In addition, the service amount will be expected to rise from additional activities when there is outreach program like medical camps, awareness programs etc. Action plan: In order for the hospital administration implement the service with the purchase of imaging equipment and expect good service oriented amount, there is a need of reliable marketing strategy. Firstly, scheduling and organization of activities need to be carried out base on the priority. Materials like visiting cards, pamphlets, brochures, lea flets available with the hospital staff about the equipment will need to be checked and prepared in enough quantity. Appropriate marketing executives should be employed in numbers 3 -5 depending on the size of the patients they intend to target. For example, one executive for every 40 patients. Medical professional teams also need to be employed who will supervise the executive’s outcome. The team will then further impart the essential knowledge to the patient regarding the service. Travel-The executives and medical team will be made to travel extensively to identify the target patients. This stage involves visiting primary health care centers (PHC), nursing homes district medical centers and hospitals. At these centers, a review analysis of medial records will be made to find out the patient information like their age, sex, location, socioeconomic conditions, education, employment, clinical history and present medical complaint. The patients will be approached through teleph one or in person depending on their will. A questionnaire will be conducted to determine their nature of complaints. They will be further asked to tell whether they are satisfied with the service being offered at the hospitals they used to prefer. If they have complaints related to pregnancy, the will be informed about the ultrasound scanning machine facility and its advantages, the hospital is going to provide at a moderate cost. Similarly, if they have complaints related to musculoskeletal disorders, the patient will be informed about the modern x ray equipment and its advantages. By distributing the pamphlets and brochures, the patients are strongly encouraged to avail the service of the hospital and avoid the consequences of delay that may occur due to medical inattention. The staff working at these centers will also be informed to refer the patients to the medical imaging facility of the hospital. Customized giant stickers/labels will be stuck at these centers to promote the se rvice. Sample pictures of Ultrasound scan and x –ray images will be printed in huge quantity for distribution at these centers to develop familiarity about the equipment service. Next marketing strategy as per priority is advertisements. Here, prestigious news papers that have good circulation will be selected. Priority will be given to newspapers that have local reputation in order to reach the target patients quickly. This marketing action plan carried out by the executives and professional medical team will be monitored and followed up by the supervisors. During the first week of every month every month, this strategy will be implemented for overall period of one year. Next strategy will be advertisements. A dedicated group of three individuals will look at the advertising activity. News papers, commercial ads agencies and TV channels will be approached and given the contract. Much emphasis will be given to TV programs that telecast health related videos. A specially desig ned video coverage about the medical imaging technology of the providing hospital will be prepared and made available to the health centers and TV channels (Markets and Markets 2011). Medical journals/magazines / bulletins that specialize in radiology or diagnostic imaging will be chosen and ad will be given. This ad giving campaign is scheduled for one year as follows. News paper – every circulation, Ad agencies- daily, TV programs-daily, Journals/magazines- every publication. As a part of marketing strategy, awareness day will be conducted at the hospital once in a week. This will be done not only for in house hospital departments but also for outside people like students, employees, and general public. Therefore, as per the priority, the strategies will be employing of marketing executives and professional medical teams, surveys, visiting primary health care canters/medical centers, educational awareness of patients, distribution of service representative brochures and pam phlets, commercial advertisements and awareness day at the hospital premises (PRWeb 2011). In spite of all the above mentioned strategies, execution of plans at a definite pace is mandatory that will determine the level of service necessary to meet the demand generated by marketing. Firstly, regular feedbacks will be obtained from the hospital staff involved in the project to evaluate the progress of the work everyday. This will include information on how many surveys have been undertaken and the number of patients identified and contacted. For example, the staff is anticipated to identify minimum of 50- 60 patients per 10 surveys. From the information obtained, promotional activities will be expedited through the production of brochures, approaching ad agencies and commercial TV channels as per the schedule mentioned before. Purchase enquiries will be sent to the selling parties to submit the quotation on competitive price on the equipment to be purchased within 10 days period. Inf ormation on suitable funding agencies will be sought and applications will be sent for seeking financial assistance, if needed.In the mean time, all preliminary market research will be carried out and the information is kept ready. Personnel needs in this case may involve employing individuals with diagnostic imaging expertise, allocation of rooms, setting, necessary electric devices and connections, a/c equipment etc.In order to expect complete 50 patients per week and generate the income, specialist doctors involved in the current project will be made to visit outpatient clinics of local hospitals as a collaboration effort. In other words, this is extensive local tour. However, touring of suburban and rural areas do influences the service outcome. Questionnaires will be conducted and suggestions would be obtained from the patients to determine the service satisfaction. This will help to revise the prices of service, improve or upgrade the existing equipment and modulate the servic e activity. American Pregnancy Association. Statistics. 2012. Web.americanpregnancy.org/main/statistics.html. Markets and Markets. Diagnostic Imaging Market (CT, MRI, X-Ray Ultrasound) Competitive Landscape Global Forecasts 2010 2016. 2011. Web. marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/diagnostic-imaging-market-411.html. PHILIPS sense and simplicity. DigitalDiagnost. 2012. Web. healthcare.philips.com/main/products/xray/products/radiography/digital/digitaldiagnost/index.wpd. Freiherr, Greg 2010. Philips imaging equipment sales trend up, especially in U.S. Diagnostic Imaging. 2010. Web.6 Apr. 2012.diagnosticimaging.com/healthcare_reform/content/article/113619/1700163. Fujifilm. FDR D-EVO Suite. 2012. Web. fujifilm.com/products/medical/digital_radiography/fdr_devo_suite/. Gandolf, Stewart and Lonnie Hirsch. What Is A Health Care Marketing Plan? Healthcare Success. 2011. Web. healthcaresuccess.com/articles/what-is-marketing-plan.html. GE Healthcare. Radiography. 2012. Web. gehealthcare .com/euen/radiography/products/discovery-xr650/discovery_xr650.html. PRWeb. Global Medical Imaging Equipment Services Market to Reach US$11.6 Billion by 2015, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. 2011. Web. prweb.com/releases/medical_imaging/equipment_services/prweb8058148.htm. Enterpreneur. Market Research. 2012. Web.3 Apr. 2012. entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82436.html. Neoscan Medical Systems. Product details. 2012. Web. neoscan-medical.com/eng/versa-pro-slc-ultrasound-scanner-1-14-0-203.htm. The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases. The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. 2008. Web.5 April. 2012. boneandjointburden.org/. UMG/DEL MEDICAL. Del Medical OTC 10. 2012. Web. delmedical.com.

Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Project - Essay Example Data Analysis 10 IV. Research Design 2 10 A. Research Design 2 11 B. Setting, Participants, and Sampling 11 C. Problem Statement, Research Questions and Null Hypotheses 12 D. Variables/Issues 12 E. Data Collection 12 F. Data Analysis 13 References 13 I. Topic The research aims to determine the factors that contribute to the emergence of environmental problems within the U.S. – Mexico border that pose health hazards to the residents within these areas. From a review of related literature, it was revealed that problems that ensue from the area are enumerated as follows: â€Å"1) rapid urbanization and lack of adequate infrastructure, 2) air pollution from open burning, vehicle emissions, and industrial operations, 3) contamination of surface water and groundwater from open sewers and industrial waste, 4) overuse of aquifers and surface streams, 5) transportation and illegal dumping of hazardous waste, and 6) destruction of natural resources† (Western Sustainability and Po llution Prevention , 2011). As such, the current study aims to examine the repercussions of these environmental issues on the health condition of residents living within these areas and to identify recommendations that would address the dilemma. II. Literature Review A. U.S. ... Likewise, the study written by Warner and Jahnke (2003) revealed that in addition to the abovementioned factors, the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993 provided the impetus for facilitating significant socioeconomic, fiscal and political changes that reported to have spurred disparities and challenges in access to health and in regulating subsequent environmental consequences. Specific details and profile on the states and communities within this border were enumerated in Western Sustainability and Pollution Prevention (WSPP) (2011), to wit: â€Å"The border’s length is approximately 2,000 miles, and there are 14 metropolitan areas on both sides, with 4 states on the U.S. side and 6 states on the Mexican side. The states on the U.S. include Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. The states on the Mexican side include Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California. There are nearly 14 million people that call this re gion home. Typically, the width of the U.S. Mexico border as defined by the La Paz Agreement is 100 kilometers (62.5 miles) into U.S. territory and 100 kilometers (62.5 miles) into Mexican territory† (Western Sustainability and Pollution Prevention , 2011, par. 2). B. Factors Influencing Health Conditions According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2011), the health status and environmental living condition of people residing within the border is influenced by â€Å"trends in population, the economy, and industrial activity† (p. 5). With population projected to increase due to migration to urban and industrialized areas, the report disclosed that

Chicago Bulls Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chicago Bulls - Case Study Example The law on privacy of medical information requires extreme confidentiality of individual medical information. Individual sensitive medical information should remain with the involved party and confidential. The employment act requires employers to bargain in good faith over any terms that address a mandatory subject such as working conditions. An employer requiring an employee to undergo a DNA test is likely to use the test results as a basis for employment discrimination. As much as the employer is concerned about the wellness of the employee, it is not ethical for him or her to insist on a DNA test for an unwilling employee since it is infringement of his or her privacy. Unless such a requirement was included in the collective bargaining and agreed upon by all parties, it is not ethical. An employer may request an employee to undergo a DNA test if the employee is operating dangerous machinery or piloting a plane due to his concern to identify any genetic illness that may pose the employee and other people in danger. Such request should be made in reasonable grounds since its invasion of individual privacy. The employee’s actions may be unethical to the extent that he does not respect the employee’s privacy and employment law that is against discrimination on genetic basis. Unless there is collective bargaining among all involved parties and consent is given, it is unfair to the employee, but also a good ground to show employer’s concern on employee’s safety in the work place but not the most

Customer Service Excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Customer Service Excellence - Essay Example Further theoretical insights would be rendered in terms of understanding potential service strategies that needs to be developed or followed in by organisations to gain an enhanced space in the target market for its products and services. The Case of Google The level of consumer trust for the online services rendered by Google in terms of operating as an effective search engine and faster networking site has countered problems owing to the failure of the company to sustain the parameter of privacy. Google is found to have entered with a contract with another online advertising firm DoubleClick thereby servicing the same with encrypted information relating to the Internet Protocol or IP Addresses of the users through their clicking on the search engine to retrieve results. This activity of the concern is taken as a breach of trust for the user base spread around the world in that the company failed to inform the same about the reason for their merger with DoubleClick. Moreover the org anisation looking after elements concerning electronic privacy also mentioned about the same as a case of deception in trade practices for the online company. This case strongly reflects in how the deceptive practices of Google in terms of its merging with the online advertising company happens to potentially disturb the privacy of users in terms of conducting online surfing. Thus the level of trust for Google actively declines in the online user sphere (Pasquale, 2010, p.405). The Case of Starbucks The case of Starbucks also reflects a reduction in the level of consumer satisfaction and trust in savouring coffee preparations from its different outlets owing to reduction of focus on customer servicing standards. Starbucks is found to focus on moving over to an opening spree where it focuses on opening a large number of different outlets spread along a small region. These large number of outlets created in a closed network tends to increase the level of competition between the differ ent outlets thereby cannibalising its own sales and consumer force. Moreover the company is also found to focus on diversifying into sales of compact discs such that the initial focus of the company on developing its coffee brand goes for a toss. Thus other small coffee brands operating in the same sector are found to gain the lead over Starbucks to help gain over cultivating a larger market share. It is also found that the brand identity of Starbucks in the coffee market is easily copied over by other firms like McDonald’s and similarly by Dunkin Donuts in terms of enhancing their product and service portfolio. This fact adds to the problem of the company in failing to sustain the consumer trust and loyalty (Smale, 2008). The Case of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) The case of Royal Bank of Scotland reflects that how the banking corporation happened to strike on a low customer servicing event owing to the emergence of a software problem. The software of the bank was held for up gradation matters that in turn created a problem for the bank executives in servicing the needs of its customers pertaining to banking transactions. The

Relationship Between Gender and Health

Relationship Between Gender and Health Sex, Gender and Health Introduction One of the main objectives of the National Health Service set out in the 1940’s was â€Å"To ensure that everybody in the country-irrespective of means, age, sex, or occupation-shall have equal opportunity to benefit from the best and most up to date medical and allied services available (Ministry of Health, 1944). Although the words equity and equality do not feature in documents from the early days of the NHS, there are many reasons to conclude that the service was intended to provide equal access or actual treatment for those in equal need (Delamothe, 2008). This concept had been refined since then, and an equitable health service is understood to mean â€Å"one where individuals’ access to and utilisation of the service depends on their health status alone.† (Dixon et al., 2003). There are many explanations for factors attributable to differences in the equity of care, such as income, income inequality, social connectedness, and social capital, which have al l shown some association with health and illness (Berkman Syme, 1979; Fiscella Franks, 1997; Kawachi et al., 1997; Lomas, 1998; Naidoo Wills, 2000). This paper shall examine the meaning of gender as another of these determinants of health. The differences between the terms sex and gender shall first be discussed. Secondly pathways through which gender effects health shall be examined, paying particular attention to risk behaviours, gender roles, and gender discrimination. Finally, the differential exposure and differential vulnerability hypotheses shall be discussed. Sex and Gender Raymond Williams argued that vocabulary involves not only ‘the available and developing meaning of known words’ but also ‘particular formations of meaning-ways not only of discussing but at another level seeing many of our central experiences’ (Williams, 1983 p15). Language in this sense embodies ‘important social and historical processes’ in which new terms are introduced or old terms take on a new meaning. Often ‘earlier and later senses coexist, or become actual alternatives in which problems of contemporary belief and affiliation are contested’ (Williams, 1983 p22). The introduction of ‘gender’ in English in the 1970s as an alternative to ‘sex’ was to counter the implicit and explicit biological determinism pervading scientific lay language (Krieger, 2003). Sociologists describe sex as the relatively unchanging biology of being male or female, while gender refers to the roles and expectations attributed to men and women in a given society, roles which change over time, place and life stage (Phillips, 2005). Genetic profile and hormone profile are both examples of sex, a constant set of biological characteristics that remain the same across societies, whereas expectations about the imperative to bear children, the nature of parenting, or the status of being a mother are more to do with gender roles and expectations. Gender has an impact on health in a variety of ways. Gender inequalities in health While women generally experience poorer health than men, the pattern of gender differences in health is varied (Arber Cooper, 1999). Women have lower rates of mortality but, paradoxically, report higher levels of depression, psychiatric disorders, distress and a variety of other chronic illnesses than men ( McDonough Walters, 2001). The direction and magnitude of gender differences in health vary according to the symptom/condition and phase of life cycle (Denton et al., 2004). Female excess is found consistently across the lifespan for distress, but is far less apparent, even reversed, for a number of other physical conditions and symptoms (Matthews et al., 1999). Gender inequalities in income and wealth make women especially vulnerable to poverty. In some parts of the world this makes it difficult for them to acquire the necessities for health, especially during the reproductive years when family needs are greatest (Doyal, 2001). Social norms about the diversions of responsibility mean that many women have very heavy burdens of work, especially those who combine employment with domestic duties, pregnancy and child rearing (Naidoo Wills, 2001). Often, women in the house receive very little support and many are abused by their family members. It has been estimated that 19% of the total disease burden carried by women aged 15-44 in developed countries is the result of domestic violence and rape (World Bank, 1993). Further to this, anxiety and depression are reported more in women than in men in most parts of the world, yet there is no evidence that women are constitutionally more susceptible to such illness (Doyal, 2001). In Africa, powerlessne ss and lack of control underlie much of the exposure to HIV/AIDS amongst the female population. Disproportionate barriers (relative to men) in access to resources such as food, education and medical care disadvantage women in much of the developing world. In males risk taking behaviour is the norm amongst males in the developing world. Risk taking behaviour and its effects on male health There are now many links on the interaction between masculinity and health emerging (Schoefield et al, 2000). The development and maintenance of a heterosexual male identity usually requires the taking of risks that are seriously hazardous to health (Doyal, 2001). One of the most obvious examples of this regards the working environment. In many societies it is traditional for the man to assume the role of the provider, thus putting males at risk of dying prematurely from occupational accidents (Waldron, 1995), and although there are more women in the labour force, men from the poorest communities still do the most dangerous jobs. Further to the risks of the workplace, men often feel compelled to engage in risky behaviour to â€Å"prove their masculinity†, thus they are more likely than women to die in a car crash or dangerous sporting activities (Canaan, 1996). Men are also more likely than women to drink to excess and smoke, which increases ones physiological predisposition to early heart disease and other related problems (Doyal, 2001). They are also more likely than women to desire unsafe sex. A study in Ontario, Canada examined the causes of male deaths between birth and age 45. There reported 1,812 male deaths, of which 1,372 (76%) are due to motor vehicle accidents, suicide, and AIDS, leaving 440 deaths unrelated to behaviour. Although the male excess of deaths from car accidents may, in part be attributable to greater distances driven and not behaviour while driving, the male relationship with the automobile is almost certainly another aspect of gender roles. Only 308 (33%) of the 936 female dea ths are explained by such behaviour. When non-risk taking causes of death are isolated from the data, women under age 45 have a mortality which is 1.43 times that of mens. Over age 45 the leading causes of death for both men and women are chronic diseases. Men die of heart disease in equal numbers but at a younger age than do women. With increasing age the number of deaths for women creeps upward to equal that of men (Phillips, 2005). Differential exposure and differential vulnerability hypotheses Since gender is a measure of both biological and social differences, it is likely that the health inequalities between men and women reflect both sex-related biological and social factors, and the interactions between them (Denton et al., 2004). There are two general hypotheses that account for these gender based inequalities in health. The differential exposure hypothesis suggests that women report higher levels of health problems because of their reduced access to the material and social conditions of life that foster health (Arber Cooper, 1999), and from greater stress associated with their gender and marital roles. Many studies have shown that women occupy different structural locations than men: they are less likely to be employed, work in different occupations, and are more likely to be on lower incomes, and to do domestic labour and to be a single parent than men (Denton Walters, 1999). There are also gender differences in exposure to lifestyle behaviours, such as those prev iously mentioned (that men are more likely to smoke, consume alcohol) as well as having an unbalanced diet and being overweight, while women are more likely than men to be physically inactive (Denton Walters, 1999). De Vries and Watt (1996) also suggest that women report higher levels of health problems because they are exposed to a higher level of demands and obligations in their social roles, as well as experiencing more stressful life events. Women also have lower levels of both perceived control and self esteem than men (Turner Roszell, 1994), though women report higher levels of social support (Umberson et al., 1996). The differential vulnerability hypothesis on the other hand suggests that women report higher levels of health problems because they react differently than men to the material, behavioural and psychosocial conditions that moderate health (Denton et al., 2004). Multivariate analyses have shown that men and women differ in vulnerability to some, but not all, of the social determinants of health (Denton et al., 2004). That is, the moderating effect of gender is determinant specific. Having a high income, working full time, caring for a family, and having good social support have been shown to be more importance predictors for predicating health in women than men (Prus Gee, 2003). Smoking and alcohol consumption are more important as discussed previously, are more important determinants of health for men than women, while body weight and being physically inactive are more important for women (Denton Walters, 1999). Furthermore, the effects of stress may be experienced and personified b y men and women in a variety of different ways. The literature appears to show that women react more to ongoing strains than men do, and are more likely to report and react to stressors experienced by others (Turner Avison, 1987), while men are more likely to mention and react to economic stressors (Wheaton, 1990). Zuzenak Mannell (1998) argues that women have a greater vulnerability to the effects of chronic stressors on health due to the greater stress associated with their family and marital roles. Denton et al., (2004) used multiple indicators of health and its social structural, behavioural, and psychological determinants to gain a comprehensive understanding of the role that social factors play in determining health. They report that women’s poorer health is partly due to the reduced access, on average, to the material and social conditions of life that foster health, to their differential exposure to stressful life events and to everyday stressors associated with a women’s social roles. Men’s health also seems to be reduced by their greater likelihood to partake in risk taking behaviours such as smoking and excessive drinking. These, as well as physical activity are more important to men’s health. Conclusion Gender is a social construct, and sex is a biological construct. They are each distinct, and are not interchangeable terms. The use of the term gender facilitates discussion of the effects of social norms and expectations on the health of both males and females. It is clear that gender has many effects upon health and well being, and that this is a complex issue, with behavioural and psychosocial determinants of health growing out of the social context of peoples lives. This paper has discussed the social and structural context of peoples lives for health benefits – clearly a strong and well studies theme in the literature (Denton Walters, 1999; Denton et al., 2004). It seems that behavioural determinants play less of a role in predicting health, yet there effects also tend to be mediated by social structure (e.g. those with a low income are more likely to smoke, drink excessively, and be overweight and inactive. These factors can then, collectively, lead to chronic health pr oblems later on in life. It also seems reasonable to conclude that men and women suffer from different types of stressor. They also both cope in different ways. For example, the exposure hypothesis proposes that gender-based health inequalities are the result of the differing social location between men and women. There different life style behaviour’s and the differing number of chronic stressors and life experienced by men and women. The vulnerability hypothesis proposes that women’s health differs from men’s because they also react in different ways to factors that determine health. It seems then, that although there are many other sociological factors that can have an impact on health, there are many gender differences to account for also, making this a very complex issue. References Arber, S., Cooper, H. (1999). Gender differences in health in later life: the new paradox? Social Science and Medicine , 66 (6), 61-76. Bank, W. (1993). World development report 1993: investing in health. New York: Oxford University Press. Berkman, L., Syme, S. (1979). Social networks, host resitance and mortality: a nine year follow up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidermology , 109, 186-203. Delamothe, T. (2008). Universality, equity and quality of care. British Medical Journal , 336, 1278-1282. Denton, M., Walters, V. (1999). Gender differences in structural and behavioural determinants of health: an analysis of the social production of health. Social Science Medicine , 48, 1221-1225. Denton, M., Prus, S., Walters, V. (2004). Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structrual, and behavioural determinants of health. Social Science and Medicine , 58, 2585-2600. De-Vries, B., Watt, D. (1996). A lifetime of events: Age and gender variations in the life story. International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 42 (2), 81-102. Dixon, A., Le Grand, J., Henderson, J., Murray, R., Poteliankoff, E. (2003). Is the NHS equitable? A review of the evidence . Londone: London School of Economics. Doyal, L. (2001). Sex. gender, and health: the need for a new approach. British Medical Journal , 323, 1061-1065. Fiscella, K., Franks, P. (1997). Poverty or income inequality as a predictor of mortality: Longtitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal , 314, 1724-1728. Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., Lochner, K., Prothrow-Smith, D. (1997). Social capital and health: Implications for public health and epidemiology. Social Science and Medicine , 87, 1491-1498. Lomas, J. (1998). Social capital and health: implications for public health and epidermology. Social Science and Medicine , 47, 1181-1188. Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2000). Health Promotion-Foundations for Practice. London: BailliereTindall. Phillips, S. (2005). Defining and measuring gender: A social determinant of health whose time has come. International Journal for Equity in Health , 4 (11), 1-4. Prus, S., Gee, E. (2003). Gender differences in the influence of economic, lifestyle and psyhco-social factors on later life health. Canadian Journal of Public Health , 94 (3), 94-102. Schoefield, T., Connell, R., Walker, I., Wood, J., Butland, D. (2000). Understanding mens health and illness: a gender relations approach to policy, reseacrh and practise. Journal of the Amercian Colege of Health , 48, 247-258. Scotland, M. o. (1944). A national health service. London: HMSO. Turner, J., Avison, W. (1987). gender and depression: Assessing exposure to life events in a chronically strained population. Journal of Neurons and Mental Disease , 77 (8), 443-455. Turner, J., Roszell, P. (1994). Psychosocial resources and the stree process. In W. Avison, I. Gotlib, Stress and mental health: Contemporary issues and prospects for the future. New York: Platinum Press. Umberson, D., Chen, M., House, J., Hopkins, K., Slaten, E. (1996). The effect of social relationships on psychological well-being. Are men and women really no different? Sociological Review , 61, 837-857. Waldron, I. (1995). Contributions of changing gender differentials in behaviour to changing gender differentials in mortalitly. In D. Sabo, G. Gordon, Mens health and illness: gender, power, and the body. London: Sage Publications. Wheaton, B. (1990). Life transitions, role histories, and mental health. American Sociological Review , 55, 209-223. Williams, R. (1983). A vocabulary of culture and society. Revised edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Zuzanek, J., Mannell, R. (1998). Life-cycle squeeze, time, pressure, daily stress, and leisure participation: A Canadian perspective. Society and Leisure , 21 (2), 513-544. 1

How Is Conflict Presented in Bayonet Charg Essay

Conflict often has harmful effects, including causing death and destruction, so it is usually viewed negatively. However, conflict can also bring out positive traits in people, and the people involved in it may be respected. â€Å"Bayonet Charge† imagines a soldier’s experience in battle. â€Å"The Charge of The Light Brigade† recounts the story of the charge made by the Light Brigade in the Battle of Balaclava. Language One way conflicted is presented in â€Å"Bayonet Charge† is through the use of language. The language used, portrays the soldier and his actions/movements. Ted Hughes uses sibilance to portray the soldier’s actions as well as feelings. For example, â€Å"raw-seamed hot khaki, his sweat heavy Stumbling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of sibilance here mimics the squelching mud. The repetitive‘s’ sounds recreates an image of the soldier walking through mud. The word ‘khaki’ suggests that the person being described is a soldier as it is normally associated with the military uniforms. The word ‘heavy’ suggests that the soldier is uncomfortable and his movements are unnatural. The word ‘stumbling’ suggests that the soldier is disoriented and could also suggest that his movements are clumsy. Another way language is used to present conflict is through the use of similes. For example, â€Å"Sweating like molten iron from the centre of his chest†. The phrase ‘molten iron’ suggests a burning, abject terror at the heart of his being. On the other hand, â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† uses metaphors such as â€Å"Valley of Death† to present conflict. This phrase forebodes the charge as it makes it sound certain that the soldiers are going to die. It also suggests the commander has made a mistake as he has sent them into the ‘valley of death’. This makes the soldiers more courageous as they are marching into their own deaths. It also creates the allusion to psalm, where faith instils courage in the face of death. Another way language is used to present conflict is through the use of rhetorical questions. For example, â€Å"was there a man dismay’d?† The rhetorical question implies unequivocal bravery and shows the gallant nature of the men. It shows that they were used to obeying orders and leaving the thinking to their generals. Structure/Form The form and the structure of the poems also plays a part in getting the message across to the reader. â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† has a clear and powerful rhythm and rhyme scheme that suggest the energy of the battle. The Light Brigade’s determined gallop towards its destruction is emphasised, by repetition, from the first two lines of the first stanza of the poem: â€Å"Half a league, half a league,/ Half a league onward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once the order has been given, the fate of the men was sealed – they had no choice but to follow their terrible destiny to its conclusion. The weapons they faced are also repeated, sometimes with slight variations, for example, â€Å"Cannon to the right of them, / Cannon to the left of them,† to emphasise the danger faced by the cavalry and their great bravery. Repetition creates a sense of impatience to enter battle and bravery in the face of danger. Alfred Tennyson uses dactylic trimester to mimicking the stea dy galloping of their horses. The stresses also create a â€Å"falling rhythm† which symbolises the soldiers who will fall. The poet has written the poem in 6 irregular lined stanzas. This could be to show the unpredictability of war. The word â€Å"Cannons† has been used as an anaphora for three lines which emphasises the fact soldiers are surrounded and can’t escape. The sheer amount of cannons blocks their vision therefore suggesting they couldn’t anticipate the attack. The form of the poem is a narrative story. This is because the poet is describing the attack to his audience. â€Å"Bayonet Charge† uses onomatopoeia, alliteration and assonance and the senses to bring the images described to life. â€Å"Stumbling across†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is an awkward line to read, which evokes the sensation of running across a muddy field. The use of enjambment throughout the poem quickens the pace and emphasises urgency and unpredictability of war. The use of medial caesuras achieves a variety of effects, from reflecting the soldier’s tiredness to deliberately making the action feel like slow motion. The use of iambic pentameter in some lines helps the poems flow and recreates a heartbeat

Compare the ways in which each author Essay

â€Å"With the deep, unconscious sigh which not even the nearness of the telescreen could prevent him from uttering when his days work started. † In part two Winston’s love for Julia develops and his partaking in the resistance against Big Brother increases. Winston explores new emotions of love, however, we sense their failure through capture, as other party members must notice the rebellion. Part three is Winston’s punishment from his capture, where he receives a broken spirit. Both part two and three mimic each other through cause and effect as Winston’s party life develops. You can witness the change in the character by comparing the previous quotation with this example from part two, which has a cheerful tone. â€Å"The relief of seeing her was so great that he could not resist staring directly at her for several seconds† During Orwell’s structure there is no sense of time, where one day begins and ends, this is the opposite to ‘The Handmaids Tale’ because her sections are split into the structure of time but not the date. One opinion of ‘The Handmaids Tale’ is that it is a feminist novel. Critics say the women in this novel are as in today’s society, â€Å"treated as property and not human beings†. I agree with that this novel contains many feminist concerns. However personally I have not had the experience of feminism like Atwood has, so I do not believe that the majority of women are treated badly in today’s society. When Orwell’s 1984 was first released some critics read it as a negative view of the Soviet Union, this lead communists to believe that Orwell had distorted the publics view the unions achievements. In my opinion, readers may have over reacted, although I believe that Orwell wanted to draw attention to the society around him and how it could develop if no one unattended the problem. Each author’s background influenced their writings of their dystopia. Atwood, when constructing this novel was witnessing the world at a high point of radical feminism. Protests increased about abortions, the right to keep your maiden name after marriage and equal rights for women and men. All these activities had a great influence on Atwood and are portrayed through two characters. Offred’s friend Moira, a radical feminist and disliked males, blaming them for most of society’s past ills and Offred’s Mother. Offred has flashbacks of her mother’s feminist acts, her mother would gather with other feminists and burn pornography magazines. â€Å"But there were some women burning books, that’s what she was really there for† This portrays Atwood ‘s background on a high level as she has created characters based on radical feminists who were around at the time. Another area that influenced Atwood was the Victorian era and how women were treated in it. The Victorian ways and Gilead are very similar. Women were confined to a domestic homelife and if they were to journey outside, would need to be accompanied by another person. This is witnessed in ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’. Offred is accompanied by another Handmaid when doing daily routines like shopping. â€Å"We aren’t allowed to go there except in twos. This is supposed to be for our protection† Also in the Victorian era, women had no rights and pregnancy was compulsory. This is just like the Handmaids role in Gilead, meaning Atwood has taken great influence from this. During the 1980’s when the Handmaid’s Tale was written there was an increase in small religious groups, especially in the USA. The Promise Keeper groups were common at that time. Members had a massive restoration of the biblical way of life. They were committed to God, purity and building strong families as seen in the regime of Gilead. A remaining factor of this regime is the reason it was introduced because of environmental factors obstructing reproduction. AIDS, still births and miscarriages were widespread, hence why Gilead was introduced. When Atwood wrote this the ozone layer was an immense worry. Atwood portrayed her influences to their extremes with her dystopian. Orwell’s influences are completely different to Atwoods, because his novel was written nearly twenty years before Atwoods. In 1948 the Second World War had just ended leaving the promised improvement of a better lifestyle forgotten about. This brought about communists, socialist, poor housing and food rationing, forming a poverty stricken land. This can be seen in ‘1984’ as food quality is poor and only slightly improved by the addition of Victory products. ‘Victory’ produce gin, coffee and cigarettes along with others. They are second rate war products available in London and unfortunately it was the best you could receive being a party member. â€Å"The lifts that never worked, the cold water, the gritty soap, the cigarettes that came to pieces, the food with its strange evil tastes. † The largest influence can be witnessed to come from Joseph Stalin. He was based in Russia and introduced the ‘Five year plans’. The plans brought industry under state control, they decided what and how much would be produced and often unrealistic targets would be set. The first plan started in 1928 and the third finished in 1941 due to world war two. The similarity between this and the novel ‘1984’ is the conditions that Stalin’s workers had to suffer. As in ‘1984’ Stalin was often referred to by the positive euphanism of ‘Uncle Joe’ just like Orwell’s ‘Big Brother’. To the younger workers he was a protecting man, as an Uncle would be and they saw no harm in the way he treated his workers. However with the propaganda which bombarded the workers to work harder, such as labour camps, workers soon developed illness and failed to meet targets. Another similarity is that in Big Brother’s regime, disappearences were very common and unquestioned. Stalin often ordered the abolishment of workers. As seen here in ‘1984’, there is a deffinate link with Orwell’s influences and the story line. â€Å"Syme had vanished. A morning came, and he was missing from work: a few thoughtless peopple commented on his absense† Orwell was correct to an extent with his prediction of the future as a 20th century Stalin would be Saddem Hussein, because this man’s regime is similar to Oceania. His country Iraq suffered catastrophic declines in living standards causing mass poverty. This happened because the regime lent so much money it created high debt. However the borrowed money was used to finance activities such as gross corruption, invasion and human rights violations. In conclusion, both novels share themes of totalitarianism, loss of identity and survelliance to an extreme. Language plays an important part in ‘The Handmaids Tale’ and ‘1984’, it is seen as a means of control within their regime. Both authors develop similar technics by the means of allusions, slogans, euphemisms and categorisation. However, they have very different outcomes as Atwood uses religious beliefs where as Orwell conveys war-approved language, also the nature in which it is used is different. The author’s narrative styles differ in context and basic structure. Orwell sticks with war outcomes of poverty and sickness in his semantic fields too. However Atwood uses non-human nature, the body and feritility, the opposite to Orwell. The novels do become similar when ‘1984’ is at the Golden Country as Orwell’s language developes metaphorically. Conformity is portrayed in the day structure of Atwood’s novel and part one of Orwell’s. Resistance increases for both the main characters in both novels, ‘The Handmaids Tale’ at night and ‘1984’ in parts two. The novels structures are different too, as ‘1984’ is in parts each representing a different story line development. ‘The Handmaids Tale’ is in sections containing passage of time unlike ‘1984’, which has no sense of time present in its structure. The author’s influences play a massive part on the dystopian environment. Orwell was influenced by war, poverty and regimes, which is highly reflected in his novel. Margaret Atwood reflects feminism into her novel as her background contains strong feminist movements and she even portrays this within the characters Offred’s mother and Moira. The novels are very different in context of dystopian environments though they contain similarities. The authors have no similarities in the influences of their novels. This is what alters their views, the time difference that the novels were written in. However, language and structure has a great impact on the environment of the novels and the dystopian writing of the texts. Word count: 3184Bibliography Yorke Notes: The Handmaids Tale 1984 Critical perspective on The Handmaids Tale: http://www. babesinspace. net/report/reports/2000-03-17. html Critical perspectives on 1984: Class handouts. The total word count for this essay is 3,184 words.

Essay about TDA 34

Essay about TDA 34 Essay about TDA 34 Asma Amin TDA34 3.3 Apply rules and boundaries consistently and fairly, according to the age, needs and abilities of children and young people. It is important to apply rules and boundaries to children and young people behaviour according to their age, needs and abilities and without stereotyping. Firstly it is important that everything is relevant to a child's level of ability and understanding as you need to consider what the child understands when applying rules, as for stereotyping this is bad in every situation not every adult men like sports and not every women is a stray at home and cleans all day. It is important to stimulate there interests. For rules they are important to growing up and learning social rules given from others. Praise children when they do good as this will make the behaviour look good but telling off or even smacking will not prevent that behaviour as much and can also have negative effects. A 2 year old cant get things the way a 4 years old can. Younger children don’t get things the same way and you must take that into account when dealing with discipline. For example a 2year old should not be expected to sit still for 30minutes of circle time, but a 4 year old may be able to sit for 20 minutes of circle time. All children need consistent app roaches because they are learning the rules. The rules are very different at home and they will be more unsettled and spend time trying to see what will and wont be enforced. All rules and structure give children a sense of security and perimeter to work with and to know how to act in situations. e.g. adults waiting in a line. Children have to be taught how to do this. Boundaries are for our own good they should be set, rules should apply as this keeps children safe. It

Food and Price Tags Essay

Food and Price Tags Essay Food and Price Tags Essay Thrift Shop Observation On Friday January 24, I visited both Et. Cetera shops in downtown Norman. My first stop was the store on State Street. Immediately upon entering the store, I was greeted by Dr. Simpson. She welcomed me and another student with a friendly smile and was very pleasant. The place then felt opened and inviting. She offered to take us to the Main Street store. Immediately I heard contemporary up beat Christian music that was very nice and I found myself engaging in singing as well. The store was nicely lit and there were some ceiling fans that were on –medium speed. Children were playing on the floor and a man sitting at the front door what appeared to be a bench waiting while his significant other shop. I had no intention of purchasing anything because I was there only observe the facility. With the warm welcoming and the music playing I found myself wanting to purchase something even if I did not need anything. I continued to looked around and departments assorted clothing items. I saw one rack on the right side of wedding attire near the window. What I did notice there were no clothing, crafts or miscellaneous items on the floor. I entered the room labeled shoes at the doorway and seen outdoor wear including leather coats and outerwear. There were numerous price tags with an array and assortment of colors ranging from red to pink and yellow attached to the item of sale with plastic fasteners. As I shop around, I saw the fabric mostly discounted with yellow tags. I love what-knots and seen patterns near the fabric and a lot of house wares, incomplete china piece, and games and children safety items. I fell in love with floral arrangement and swags and purchased two items. My classmate purchased a bag hanging on a wall for one dollar. Prior to checking out I saw a large window prior to entering the room where I came in and a fire door labeled employees only. The large window I assume was a window in which staff and volunteers can observe s hoppers but the shoppers of unaware of their presence. I saw the kitchen area with a volunteer just had entered that room. The last thing that I notice was a showcase if what was supposed to be valuables, a lot of it was a Christmas figurine and I did not notice any price tags on those items. I paid for my items with a thank you from Dr. Simpson. She smiled and thanked us for coming in and my classmate and I went to main street Store. The surroundings and the outside of the building were new. I parked in front of the store. I entered the Main Street store and the place was well lit inside. No music was playing and no one greeted us. Behind the counter were two female employees or volunteers. On my left upon entering the doorway was old Southern living magazines were tied up in bundles and a table with half price items on it. I was out of cappuccino, so I purchases a package of English toffee marked $5.79. I immediately looked to the right and saw a table of pink items. I t hought at first glance it was Christmas items. As I began to think about the next holiday, I realized it was an assortment of Valentine Day stuff. Moving right alone I saw two-three shelves of Christmas items/ dà ©cor and they all were priced with red tags on them. I assume since Christmas was over they would be on sale. The next array of items was neatly arranged on the floor were baby items: strollers, mattresses, car seats and other necessities. I continued to walk down the aisles and came upon sheets and curtains neatly displayed on roundtables on hangers with assorted price tags on them. On the back wall was a small section of Christmas and floral swags with pink and red price tags attached. I passed in front of the ladies talking, they ceased talking when I passed in front of them and I greeted them. I saw a microwave on the counter and I noticed my classmate face was enlightened. He was excited about it and another customer walked up to me smiling and stated

Key Constitutional Concepts Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Key Constitutional Concepts - Movie Review Example Sawyer. This case is significant as it challenged President Trumans decision to take possession of the steel mills during the Korean War. I choose this particular Part Two: an Expanding People, Unit No. 10, Shaping America in the Antebellum Age, Chapter: Reforming Society, page 346, because the changing, industrialization of the US during 1830s invoked a ‘Second Great Awakening’. This awakening enveloped religious as well as secular social-reform movements and touched sensitive issues like womens rights to utopianism and temperance, Abolitionism and transcendentalism. However extensively contrasting beliefs and strategies, all of such movements shared a belief in the person an individual as the source of redemption and a yearning to rise to perfection as an individual as well as at society level. Similar attention on the importance of an individual may be observed in the movements of Andrew Jackson, who masked himself in the oratory of a "common man." While he was president, Jackson, faced many crisis but stood fast and repealed the charter of the Second Bank of the United States, an event that brought th e panic of 1837 couples with a seven-year depression In my opinion, the way everything unfolded, there couldn’t have been a better way. Yes, there were civil wars but that is part of the process. All of the bloodshed is an integral part of power transition. Right after the declaration of independence was signed, people knew that change has come and it’s their job to implement it in their lives. That was the demise of monarchy and kingdoms and the rise of

Data Execercise for Priciples of Macroeconomics Assignment

Data Execercise for Priciples of Macroeconomics - Assignment Example The Real GDP between these two periods reduces by 3.5%. Inflation and changes in prices of products causes a significant difference between nominal and real GDP percentages (Bea.gov, 2015). With nominal GDP and real GDP values, one can derive an index of the price level in the year. This index is referred to as GDP deflator and its formula is given by: Real GDP values are not impacted by changes in prices; it is only affected if there are changes in the quantity. To determine the purchasing power of an economy with price adjustments real GDP values are used. Nominal GDP values are used to determine the total value of services or products produced in an economy within one year (Bea.gov, 2015). Gross Domestic Product is an approximated value of the total amount of a country’s products and services, within its boundary, by its citizens and foreigners, calculated over a one-year period. Whereas Gross National Product is an approximated value of the total amount of services and products, by citizens of the country, within its lands or on foreign territories, computed over the course of one year (Bea.gov, 2015). GDP is used to assess the strength of a country’s economy, whereas GNP is used to assess the economic performance of citizens of a certain country. Both these values can also be used in analyzing the distribution of wealth in the economy or also calculating average purchasing power of a person in a country (Bea.gov, 2015). National income is the total value of a countrys output production of new services and goods produced in one year. It measures the monetary value of the production output of services and goods produced in an economy over a period (Bea.gov, 2015). The National income was higher than GNP. To determine NI from GNP you use the following formula, GNP= GDP + NR (Net income from assets abroad (income receipts). Depending on the factors, GNP can be either lower or higher than GDP. The ratio of domestic to