Critical Analysis Of The Theories Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis Of The Theories. Answer: The evolution of the world and the change in the tastes and preferences of the consumers have led to the rise of multinationals. The growth of the multinationals depends on the availability of the resources and the preference pattern off the consumers. The management undertaken by the organizations helps largely in their growth and nurturing. Therefore, it can be concluded that the management plays a very important role in shaping the organizational structure and influences the decisions that are taken by the organizations for achieving the common goals. The discussion that is being undertaken clearly portrays the requirements of the decision-making and indulgence of the proper management in order to understand the importance of management in the progress of the organization. The basic criteria of this discussion is to understand and correlate the importance of management according to the requirements of the organization (Callan and Thomas 2013). The theories of the management help in setting the goals of the organization and thereby adhere to the organizational goals in order to understand and take decisions accordingly. The needs and requirements of the organization vary according to the objectives and the aims. Therefore, the choice of the management principles suiting the purpose of the organization is an important consideration that is to be undertaken by the companies. The progress that is being enumerated by the company depends on the principles of management that is being adhered by the organization. The influence of the stra tegic management is an important source of taking the decisions that is being taken by the organization for the benefits. Strategy and proper planning helps the organizations to set the goals of the organization and thereby make the progress accordingly. It helps the organization in taking the significant decisions that are required to be taken in order to achieve the common goal of the organization. The discussion that follows will focus mainly on the theories of management based on the deterministic theory and the strategic choice that a company must undertake in order to make the significant progress in its processes. The outcome of undertaking the theories and applying them on the management of the organization is also being discussed in the same context. The point of discussion for this section is based on the theories of strategic choice of the management. The job role of the individuals and the leaders in influencing and motivating the work force in order to make the most out of their efforts comes under the strategic choice that is being undertaken by the entrepreneurs. According to the common thought process, the organization acts on the requirements that are based on the external environments (Christiansen and Fenchel 2012). The influence of the external environment affects the decision making process of the organization. External environments like the change in the consumer behavior or the political factors, the environmental changes and the quality being delivered or the market considerations are the major external factors that affects the decision making process of the organization. In order to undertake the specific functions and the decisions, the organization must consider the requirements of the organization. The strategic choice theory provided an alternative to the general thought process, which dynamically supported the agency of individuals to undertake choices in order to make significant advancements in the organizational structure (Zhang 2013). The strategic choice of the organization not only helps in taking care of the external environmental considerations but also helps in meeting the internal political discrepancies that might affect the work force. It therefore supports both the internal and external factors and helps in undertaking the efficient management of the organization. The process that is being undertaken by the organizations in order to make sure that the strategic choice is being undertaken is based on the steps that the organization must consider (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The steps helps in the efficient management of the internal and the external factors and thereby helps in solving the discrepancies that might affect the smooth functioning in the every day schedule (refer to Appendices 1, Figure: 1). The alternative that is being provided to the organization is being focused on, as the first step of undertaking the strategic choice. The alternative is being addressed and is identified as per the relevancy of the alternative (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). It is being justified in order to make sure that the alternative goes well with the decision that is required to be taken. The organization then analyzes the alternative in order to make sure that the flaws of the problem are being covered by the alternative or not. In order to make sure t hat the alternative goes well with the decision, it is applied as a demonstration on the problem. It is like testing the alternative on the problem and determining the efficiency of the alternative (Floudas 2013). Evaluation of the alternative is another important step that is being undertaken by the organization in order to make sure that the alternative fits in to the organizational requirements. It thereby helps in maintaining the decision making functions of the organization and thereby helps in the proper management. Choosing from the range of alternatives is an important consideration that is being undertaken by the organization in order to take hold of the right alternative (Hatch and Zilber 2012). The right alternative that is being chosen from among the range of alternatives is an important step that helps in undertaking the proper management of the firms. The strategic choice therefore helps in maintaining the management functions of the organization through a careful selection of an alternative, which is best suited, from among the range of alternatives. It helps in the decision making process of the organization and ensures that the discrepancies are solved accordingly. It helps in taking care of the internal and the external factors that leads to the growth of the organization and improves the adaptability of the organization (Kagel and Roth 2016). The importance of the management functions helps in the undertaking of the probable cause of achieving the common goal of the organization. The changing face of the organizations have led to the disputes in the management systems therefore the involvement of the strategic choice helps in understanding the discrepancies and take decisions in favor of the organization. The choices helps in undertaking strategic decisions in order to support the factors that affect the organizations. The deterministic theory, on the other hand, helps in judging and taking the decisions relating to the efficient management of the organization. It helps in determining the organizational behavior relating to the factors of the population and the available resources of the organization. the theory helps in the understanding of the situation of the organization that is based on the requirements of the external factors (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). The consumer preference and the availability of resources is an important phenomenon that justifies the productivity of the organizations. Deterministic theory of an organization helps in identifying and determining the constraints relating to the availability of the resources and the market availability that helps in determining the progress of the organization. the theory determines the ability of the organization in the fields of the progress and thereby exploring the capabilities of the organization. The resource dependence theory is the study of the effect of the external resources on the functional ability of the organization. The resource dependency of the organization helps in understanding the dependence of the organization based on the flow of the resources that affects the productivity quotient of the organization (Kozlenkova, Samaha and Palmatier 2014). The strategic and the tactical management that the organization undertakes is based on the resources which is the major factor that supports productivity of a concerned organization. The basis of the discussion concerns the tactics undertaken by the company in order to undertake strategic decisions that will help the organization in making the probable advancement s in order to achieve the organizational objective. The institutional theory, on the other hand, helps in determining the organizational aims an objectives in undertaking the processes of management. It includes the more flexible aspects concerning the social structure. It helps in framing the rules and norms in order to maintain the flexibility in the management of the social structure, adhering to the requirements of the society (Roughgarden, May and Levin 2014). It facilitates the framing of the structure of the schemes and norms in order to ensure the smooth indulgence of the society in the organizational systems. It helps in framing the authoritative guidelines to be followed by the society at large. Organizations have a common objective of earning a remuneration and maximizing the economic opportunities faced by the organization (Suddaby 2015). The existence of the organization depends on the society, as the organization is .a part of the society therefore the organization is required to follow the norms and the policies formula ted by the society (Porter 2017). The norms and the schemes that the society imposes on the organization affect the structure and the managerial functions in the organization. Therefore, the institutional theory affects the growth of the organization and constraints the expansion in the different fields. The population theory, which is widely known as the Malthusian theory is based on the demographic structure of the society in which the organization is situated. The population affects the consumption rate of the area and therefore it affects the management and the organizational structure. The population growth, worldwide, takes place in an exponentially, depending on the growth of the birth rate (refer to Appendices 2, Figure: 2) (Coale and Hoover 2015). Growth of the population affects the economic systems and therefore the company must decide strategically based on the growing requirements of the consumers. It affects the organizational structure and helps in understanding the objectives of the organization relating to the growth. The theories that are discussed in the sections above are mainly based on the strategic management and the factors that helps in the management process of the organization. Critical examination of the theories must be undertaken in order to understand the compelling nature of the discussed theories. The discussed theories help in the undertaking efficient management that is beneficial for the organization. The strategic choice theory is a compilation of the activities that are being taken by an organization in order to consider the internal and the external factors. The factors constraints the smooth functioning of the organization and therefore the theory helps in understanding the discrepancies and undertake alternatives in order to solve the issues (Peppard and Ward 2016). On the other hand, the deterministic theory helps in understanding the external factors that affects the productivity of the organization and thereby take care of the requirements of the organization related to its growth and expansion. The theories, both being complete, helps in the proper management of the organization by helping the organization in taking decisions that will help in the process of its growth, but the most compelling theory can be determined as the strategic choice theory. The strategic choice theory takes care of the external and the internal factors of management, as discussed earlier, and therefore it provides the full scenario. It helps in the decision making process more diligently (Perez-Batres et al. 2012). Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the effectiveness of the management is dependent on certain internal and external factors. The decision making process that is undertaken by the organization, in order to motivate the work force and thereby undertake the smooth functioning helps the organization in making its significant progress. The theories that are being discussed above depict the involvement of the external and internal factors that creates a major impact on the management and the expansion of the organization. The compelling nature of the theories is also being discussed in the near end of the discussion and the best theory to be adopted by the organizations in order to excel is being critically examined. References Callan, S.J. and Thomas, J.M., 2013.Environmental economics and management: Theory, policy, and applications. Cengage Learning. Christiansen, F.B. and Fenchel, T.M., 2012.Theories of populations in biological communities(Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Coale, A.J. and Hoover, E.M., 2015.Population growth and economic development. Princeton University Press. Floudas, C.A., 2013.Deterministic global optimization: theory, methods and applications(Vol. 37). Springer Science Business Media. Hatch, M.J. and Zilber, T., 2012. Conversation at the border between organizational culture theory and institutional theory.Journal of Management Inquiry,21(1), pp.94-97. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Kagel, J.H. and Roth, A.E. eds., 2016.The Handbook of Experimental Economics, Volume 2: The Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton university press. Kozlenkova, I.V., Samaha, S.A. and Palmatier, R.W., 2014. Resource-based theory in marketing.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), pp.1-21. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Perez-Batres, L.A., Doh, J.P., Miller, V.V. and Pisani, M.J., 2012. Stakeholder pressures as determinants of CSR strategic choice: Why do firms choose symbolic versus substantive self-regulatory codes of conduct?.Journal of business ethics,110(2), pp.157-172. Porter, M.E., 2017. From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. InReadings in strategic management(pp. 234-255). Macmillan Education UK. Roughgarden, J., May, R.M. and Levin, S.A. eds., 2014.Perspectives in ecological theory. Princeton University Press. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Suddaby, R., 2015. Can institutional theory be critical?.Journal of Management Inquiry,24(1), pp.93-95. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Zhang, D., 2013. The revival of vertical integration: strategic choice and performance influences.Journal of Management and Strategy,4(1), p.1

Things to Consider When composing an Essay Using Beauty Essay Sample

Things to Consider When composing an Essay Using Beauty Essay SampleThere are many beauty essay samples to choose from. You could even write an essay with different format and topic. You need to think about some things when composing the essay. For instance, you need to consider the essay's topic so you can narrow down your essay topic to a couple of things and come up with the essay.Before composing a beauty essay sample, you need to make sure that you have understood the purpose of the essay. This is something you should do before coming up with the topic. A topic on beauty can give your essay a certain identity, so if you feel that your topic is not at all suited for your essay, you may be able to find another type of essay to write.The next thing you need to do is to determine whether or not the essay will be written in first person or third person. However, the choice may not be completely depend on you. It is always recommended to write from the perspective of the main characte r. In this way, you will be able to focus on his or her style. When writing from the perspective of a third person, it is recommended to read through the sentences several times so that you can concentrate on your own style of writing instead of reading the other person's perspective.The tone of the essay is also important because you want your reader to understand what you want to convey to them. When composing a beauty essay sample, you can choose to write about the positive and negative side of the situation. If you feel that it is negative, you may find that you can use the negative point of view to convince your readers.The first thing you need to consider when composing an essay is your theme. What kind of essay is it going to be? When choosing a topic for the essay, you should think about the main characters and their roles, especially the narrator.The environment in which the characters are placed is another important consideration. The environment can help to enhance the mo od of the essay. Moreover, you need to think about how much you are comfortable talking in front of a group of people.An important thing that you need to consider is the type of subject matter. If you are not sure what to write about, you can always look through a list of subjects and come up with your topic. The beauty essay sample will require information on cosmetics, clothes, and hair.So, as you can see, there are many things that you need to consider when composing a beauty essay sample. It is advisable to find out about the theme and then narrow down the topic on your own. Moreover, once you have chosen the right topic, you need to think about the tone of the essay and then write it.

Self Of Damasio And Descartes Essays - Philosophy, Metaphysics

Self Of Damasio And Descartes 1. Explain Damasio's view as to what Descartes' error is, and why he thinks Descartes is "in error"? How do Descartes and Damasio differ as to what the"self" is? Damasio and Descartes differ greatly as to what the "self" is all about. They have different answers to the philosophical question of what makes up the self, and determines who a person is. A person's identity is more than just the body they both agree, but have different reasons why. Descartes is also known as " the founder of modern philosophy" he is most known for his cogito argument of "I think therefore I am". He thinks that one cannot doubt their own existence because something must be doing the doubting. Although, that statement was refuted later by some, who said the fact that you think pre-assumes existence. Descartes also refutes skeptics by saying that they cannot deny they are thinking and something must be undergoing that thinking, so one cannot deny that they exist. Descartes starts his arguments by saying that God is the guaranteed, and uses his existence to prove other things. First though, he says he will not believe anything until he proves that God exists. Once he does this using the circular argument, he proceeds to talk about the separation of mind and body and his beliefs. The circular argument simply states that if you believe in the light of nature, you believe in God, and if you believe the causality principles you believe in the other two. He believes that the mind and body are two entirely separate entities, the soul is independent from the body, and the mind is for reason and rationality. The emotions of the body are what interfere with reason, and the body is used for all of the sensory things such as sound, sight, and pain. Based on this, he thinks that a person cannot know a substance. The way a person can "know" a substance is only through its qualities. For example, one cannot know soap; they can only associate its qualities such as scent, shape, and color. "How does one know the notion of color?" he speculates. One can only know a substance through experience. Descartes argument with the wax shows his idea of how one does not experience the thing itself, but its properties. These physical characteristics are the only way to relate to the body, which one cannot know. One can only experience or "know" the mind. This leads to his discussion of complex and primitive ideas. Primitive ideas require experience, and complex ideas do not. A complex idea is something like the notion of infinity, or language. Descartes believed there was no definition of infinity, and would not accept a negative definition to resolve his problem. He believed that God was the infinite thing. The only widely accepted belief at that time was that mathematics were undeniable, and ever present in the world. Essentially the world is composed of mathematics, which gave a lot of merit to his proof of the existence of God. Another two principles Descartes used to further his arguments were that of formal and objective reality. The idea of formal reality is that formal reality is what is actually out there in the world, kind of the ultimate truth. Objective reality on the other hand is the ideas that are in our minds, what we perceive to be true. Descartes comes to the conclusion that an idea must have at least as much formal reality as objective reality. He also uses this notion to further his proof of God's existence. He wants to find an idea that has more objective reality than formal reality. This, he deduces, is God. He also comes to the conclusion that people cannot be the cause of an idea like God because it doesn't have as much formal reality as objective reality. This means that as humans we cannot know for sure what the formal reality is, but what we do know is objective reality. Unless God is a deceiving demon this must mean that he exists, because why would he create a world of deception, when he is a perfect being? In other words, God obviously exists because what we know to be true about him must be true, because there is no truer formal reality in regards to the idea of God. Eventually a problem arises for Descartes known as the Mind-Body problem. He observes that one can fully understand their own mind, thus understand their

construction grammar - definition and discussion

construction grammar - definition and discussion In linguistics, construction grammar  refers to any of the various approaches to language study that emphasize the role of grammatical constructionsthat is, conventional pairings of form and meaning. Some of the different versions of construction grammar are considered below. Construction grammar is a theory of linguistic knowledge. Instead of assuming a clear-cut division of lexicon and syntax, note Hoffmann and Trousdale, Construction Grammarians consider all constructions to be part of a lexicon-syntax continuum (a construction). Examples and Observations James R. HurfordThere are several different versions of Construction Grammar, and my account . . . will describe, quite informally, what they have in common. The common idea is that a speakers knowledge of his language consists of a very large inventory of constructions, where a construction is understood to be of any size and abstractness, from a single word to some grammatical aspect of a sentence, such as its Subject-Predicate structure. Construction Grammar emphasizes that there is a lexicon-syntax continuum, contrary to traditional views in which the lexicon and the syntactic rules are held to be separate components of a grammar. The central motive of Construction Grammar theorists is to account for the extraordinary productivity of human languages, while at the same time recognizing the huge amount of idiosyncratic grammatical data that humans acquire and store. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma (Goldberg 2006, p. 45). The k ey point is that storage of idiosyncratic facts is compatible with deploying these facts productively to generate novel expressions. R.L. TraskCrucially, construction grammars are not derivational. So for example, the active and passive forms of a sentence are regarded as having different conceptual structures rather than one being a transformation of the other. Since construction grammars depend on the conceptual meaning in context, they can be seen as approaches to linguistics that collapse the classical distinctions between semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The construction is the unit of language, which cuts across these other aspects. So, for example, in They laughed him out of the room, the normally intransitive verb receives a transitive reading and the situation can be interpreted on the basis of the X cause Y to move construction rather than the sytanctic deviance alone. As a result, construction grammars are proving most useful in understanding language acquisition and are being used for second-language teaching, since it is the meaningfulness of the situation which is of primary importance, and syntax and semantics are treated holistically. William Croft and D. Alan CruseAny grammatical theory can be described as offering models of representation of the structure of an utterance, and models of organization of the relationship between utterance structures (presumably, in a speakers mind). The latter are sometimes described in terms of levels of representation, linked by derivational rules. But construction grammar is a nonderivational model (like, for instance, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar), and so a more general description of this aspect of grammatical theory is organization.Different versions of construction grammar will be briefly outlined . . .. We survey four variants of construction grammar found in cognitive linguisticsConstruction Grammar (in capital letters; Kay and Fillmore 1999; Kay et al. in prep.), the construction grammar of Lakoff (1987) and Goldberg (1995), Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991) and Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001)and focus on the distinctive characteristics of each th eory. . . .It should be noted that the different theories tend to focus on different issues, representing their distinctive positions vis––vis the other theories. For example, Construction Grammar explores syntactic relations and inheritance in detail; the Lakoff/Goldberg model focuses more on categorization relations between constructions; Cognitive Grammar focuses on semantic categories and relations; and Radical Construction Grammar focuses on syntactic categories and typological universals. Finally, the last three theories all endorse the usage-based model... Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme TrousdaleOne of the central concepts of linguistics is the Saussurean notion of the linguistic sign as an arbitrary and conventional pairing of form (or sound pattern/signifiant) and meaning (or mental concept/signife; cf., e.g., de Saussure [1916] 2006: 65-70). Under this view, the German sign Apfel and its Hungarian equivalent alma have the same underlying meaning apple, but different associated conventional forms . . .. Over 70 years after Saussures death, several linguists then explicitly started to explore the idea that arbitrary form-meaning pairings might not only be a useful concept for describing words or morphemes but that perhaps all levels of grammatical description involve such conventionalized form-meaning pairings. This extended notion of the Saussurean sign has become known as construction (which includes morphemes, words, idioms, and abstract phrasal patterns) and the various linguistic approaches exploring this idea were labeled Constructi on Grammar. Jan-Ola Ãâ€"stman and Mirjam Fried[One] precursor to Construction Grammar is a model that was also developed at the University of California at Berkeley in the late 1970s, within the tradition of Generative Semantics. This was the work of George Lakoff and informally known as Gestalt Grammar (Lakoff 1977). Lakoffs experiential approach to syntax was based on the view that the grammatical function of a sentence constituent holds only in relation to a particular sentence type as a whole. Specific constellations of relations such as Subject and Object thus constituted complex patterns, or gestalts. . . . Lakoffs (1977: 246-247) list of 15 characteristics of linguistic gestalts contains many of the features that have become definitional criteria of constructions in Construction Grammar, including, for example, the formulation that Gestalts are at once holistic and analyzable. They have parts, but the wholes are not reducible to the parts.

Supporting the Communications Decency Act of 1996, Section 230 Term Paper

Supporting the Communications Decency Act of 1996, Section 230 - Term Paper Example This means that online intermediaries that are charged with the responsibility of hosting or republishing of speech are offered protection against a range of laws that might otherwise be applied in holding them legally responsible for whatever other persons say or do. Additionally, the protected intermediaries not only include Internet Service Providers (ISPs), but also take into account a range of defined interactive computer service providers which include even the basic online service that publishes third-party contents. Therefore, the Communication Decency Act 1996 Section 230 defines a wider protection that has allowed innovation and free speech online to advance, despite some unique and very fundamental criminal and intellectual property-based claims as may be mentioned. In support and protection of this Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act of 1996, EFF has worked recommendably to ensure strong legal protections of websites, blogs, service providers and endeavors to fig ht down threats aimed at weakening such protections from intermediaries and end users. Examples of such cases by the EFF include; the Internet Archive and Hoffman of 2013, the Internet Archive and McKenna of 2012, Levitt and Yelp of 2012, eDrop-Off and Burke of 2012 e.t.c. These legal protections provided by the Communication Decency Act Section 230 are quite unique to the U.S law; Canada, European Nations, and Japan. Even though other countries too may be internet users, United State is termed as the most prominent online service user. This is in part due to the CDA 230 that makes United States a safe haven for websites that intended for the provision of a platform for controversial of political issues/speech and legal environments that is favorable to free expression. Inadequacies Despite its positive intent in protection of the Internet Service Providers, CDA 230 is faced a number of inadequacies that limit its full potential for provide the required protection for the Internet C ommunity. While free speech was certainly the principle of CDA 230 with strong roots in the Constitution, the fact that it so severely outweighed the right of free speech victims to obtain justice is one troubling issue. One of the criticisms of Section 230 is based on the congressional intent. Section 230 has been so broadly interpreted by the courts in an inconsistent manner with the Congress original intensions when the law was written, and the extent of immunity offered by the courts is in conflict with the language of statute that disassociate any incentive for Internet Service Providers to self-regulate the web content and leave out the plaintiffs without a effective remedy (Brandy J.G., 2004). This is an issue because frustration stems in to the fact that the language of Section 230 itself, as with a number of laws, provides different interpretations. Some lines within this section are dependent on an individual’s reading, and have the possibility of eventually opposin g the outcomes when analyzing several cases. For example section 230 (c) Protection for ‘good Samaritan’ blocking and screening of offensive material; (1) Treatment of publisher or speaker, and (2) Civil liability, parts A and B. in this

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

This I Believe - Essay Example These individuals are prone to maltreatment or swindling, eventually turning their psyche and body imbalanced. Thus, I believe that in order for these self-loathing and self-pitying people to get back on their feet and regain what they have lost, it is vital that they first must regain their self-respect, so they could have a better outlook for the rest of their lives. One of the most common examples of people that seem to sacrifice too much of their selves for the sake of others are the shy and servile employees that are always put behind others due to lack of assertion skills. These persons let just about anyone tell what to do, what to wear, what to eat, how to work, and so on, along with getting unfair and inhumane treatment from others without complaints. In using colloquial terms, these are people without backbones. They are deemed to have lost a great deal of self-respect because of letting others freely violate their human rights, for the sake of gaining a false sense of acceptance. At the same time, they also violating their own rights because they letting others do as such, and their low self-worth do not help these people get out of the situation. As long as they do not see that they are worthy of being treated fair and equally with peers, they would remain as such, further allowing self-deprecation to prevail, and removing their rightf ul place in the community (Hill 6). If these people wants to affirm their rights, it would take a longer recovery time because aside from making others see their worth, these people must also adjust their belief systems regarding fulfilling their needs above others. Doing such would gain their self-dignity and self-worth back, turning these people into persons with better attitudes towards life, and make their selves feel better in the process. Before self-pitying people could expect to get better treatment in society, they must also learn how to treat themselves with

Reusability of Code Essay Example for Free

Reusability of Code Essay Reusability of codes general purpose is to reduce unnecessary coding which in the end reduces project development time and funds. It is essentially taking code from one part of a program and attempting to employ it elsewhere without having to alter too much. This method is similar to reusing software mechanisms in object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming and procedural programming are two programming paradigms that distribute common attributes as well as various differences. A procedure is an additional name for a routing, technique or function. Procedures and objects both use algorithms to develop the system and any logical calculation that is necessary for the program. A function is divided from variables and data compositions. Procedures are intended to run the code in a precise order, while OPP merges data with the function in the function changes the data that is bound to it into a unit identified as an object. Other useful features such as abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance can be achieved while working with OPP. Procedural Programming The earliest programming languages were procedural, meaning a program was made of one or more procedures. A procedure is simply a module or function that performs a specific task such as gathering input from the user, performing calculations, reading or writing files, displaying output, and so on. The programs that you have written so far have been procedural in nature. The steps a program must perform to reach the desired outcome. Procedure is an independent entity and a sequence of instructions that are grouped together. In procedural programming, a task is broken down into assortment of variables and subroutines. In OPP, a task is broken down into objects which summarize the data and execution. In a procedural approach, the entirely called variable is termed as a trait of the object. The idea is to encapsulate data and a technique into what is referred to as a class. A class is a model; a class can be used to make several objects. This allows code be reusable in OPP. Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) is centered on creating objects. An object is a software entity that contains both data and procedures. The data contained in an object is known as the object’s fields. An object’s fields are simply variables, arrays, or other data structures that are stored in the object. OPPs group the data methods together so that each can operate on its own data while procedures are used to directly perform operation on data structures. OPP provides encapsulation making class whose objects can be created dynamically. OPPs have been observed to give lower quality performance as compared to procedural programming. In addition to solving the problems of code-data separation, the use of OOP has also been encouraged by the trend of object reusability. An object is not a standalone program, but is used by programs that need its service. (Gaddis, 2010) References Gaddis, T. (2010). Starting out with programming logic and design. (2 ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.